Explains how MLLMs use VPGs and cross-attention with learnable query embeddings to extract essential visual tokens from image patches for LLM inputExplains how MLLMs use VPGs and cross-attention with learnable query embeddings to extract essential visual tokens from image patches for LLM input

Visual Prompt Generators (VPGs): Encoding Images to LLM Tokens

2025/11/14 10:49

Abstract and 1 Introduction

  1. Related Work

    2.1. Multimodal Learning

    2.2. Multiple Instance Learning

  2. Methodology

    3.1. Preliminaries and Notations

    3.2. Relations between Attention-based VPG and MIL

    3.3. MIVPG for Multiple Visual Inputs

    3.4. Unveiling Instance Correlation in MIVPG for Enhanced Multi-instance Scenarios

  3. Experiments and 4.1. General Setup

    4.2. Scenario 1: Samples with Single Image

    4.3. Scenario 2: Samples with Multiple Images, with Each Image as a General Embedding

    4.4. Scenario 3: Samples with Multiple Images, with Each Image Having Multiple Patches to be Considered and 4.5. Case Study

  4. Conclusion and References

\ Supplementary Material

A. Detailed Architecture of QFormer

B. Proof of Proposition

C. More Experiments

3. Methodology

3.1. Preliminaries and Notations

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:::info Authors:

(1) Wenliang Zhong, The University of Texas at Arlington (wxz9204@mavs.uta.edu);

(2) Wenyi Wu, Amazon (wenyiwu@amazon.com);

(3) Qi Li, Amazon (qlimz@amazon.com);

(4) Rob Barton, Amazon (rab@amazon.com);

(5) Boxin Du, Amazon (boxin@amazon.com);

(6) Shioulin Sam, Amazon (shioulin@amazon.com);

(7) Karim Bouyarmane, Amazon (bouykari@amazon.com);

(8) Ismail Tutar, Amazon (ismailt@amazon.com);

(9) Junzhou Huang, The University of Texas at Arlington (jzhuang@uta.edu).

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:::info This paper is available on arxiv under CC by 4.0 Deed (Attribution 4.0 International) license.

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